Negative Effect of  Salinity Stress on Production and Productivity of Lamtoro Crop
                                                          (Leucaena leucochepala)

                                                               Rahmat Budiarto
                                           Agrotechnology Prime Schollarship Programe                                                                                     Agricultural Faculty Universitas of  Jember
                                                                        Essay

1.Preface
          Over the past decade, our soil condition in Indonesia is damage. We find many problem related with our quality and quantity soil.  One of all is “the more building construction, the less  agriculture will be”. As development country, indonesia deserve to build, but one important point is we have to make it harmonize. The best way to handle this problem is optimalization  the other area like along the coastal line.  As maritime country, Indonesia have long coast line. So that it need to optimalize. Some years ago, along the coastal line such as beach area or mangrove area considered unapriopriate to cultivate. The problem is in those area cause salinity stress for crop.
          Salinity stress is one of environment problem we must to accomplish in order to increase our national prodctivity. Salinity stress is complete problem that need seriously handling program. Cause of salinity stress is various kind such as characteristic of main matter that truly  salin or  salt  much  as statement from Buckman and Brady  (1982) in  F. Kusmiyati, E.D. Purbajanti and B.A. Kristanto (2009). Besides that cause of salt accumulation and abnormal irigation (Tan, 1991). The highly evapotranspiration rate with low rain intensity also be cause of salinity stress, so that saltpetre isnot wash perfectly
          Salinity stress can cause 3 kind of stress in internal body of plant. There are low-high Oxygen presure stress, osmotic stress, and toxicity stress. 3 kind of stress that I mentioned before, can bring negative impact especially impede growt factor of crop. Otomatically it can decrease production of yield and productivity of crop. For example  Lamtoro crop or (Leucaena leucochepala) is one of legume plant that the goal is to suply feed need, like cock feed (lifestock).  Production  of Leucaena leucochepala usually in leaves and petioles (Green subtances). And productivity of Leucaena leucochepala means total yield or production in one unit of land such as Ha. Leucaena leucochepala is a crop that really sensitive with abiotic stress like salinity. Therefore, it is important to discuss the impac of salinity stress for  Lamtoro crop Leucaena leucochepala.

2.Discussion
The examples of salinity stress for lamtoro crop or Leucaena leucochepala  is decrease a number of leave, make leave more narrow, and also decrease dry matter of crop.

NaCl                            Width leave (cm2)             A number of                   Dry Matter of
Consentration (mM)                                              total leave (lamina)         crop (Kg/pot)
              0                        10,71                                        49                                 0,26
             50                        3,95                                         24                                 0,15
            100                       2,52                                         16                                 0,09

Source : (F. Kusmiyati, E.D. Purbajanti dan B.A. Kristanto.2009)

          Salinity stress bring negative effect for crop. Some indicator we use to determine in this research are width leave, total leave, and dry matter of crop. Ratna Yuniati (2004) says that salinity is one of some agriculture problem  that cause decrease production and productivity of crops. Salinity stress can cause low-high Oxygen presure stress, osmotic stress, and toxicity stress.
         Salinity stress cause water defisit in internal body plant. Actually we find the same sign in body plant that on stress of salinity and stress of over dry. Salt at higher concentrations in apoplast of cells generates primary and secondary effects that negatively affect survival, growth and development.Primary effects are ionic toxicity and disequilibrium, and hyperosmolality. Both Na+  and Cl- are inhibitory to cytosolic and organellar processes (Niu et al., 1995; Serrano et al., 1999; Zhu et al., 1998 in  Jenks dan Hasegawa,2005 ). Concentrations > 0.4 M inhibit most enzymes because of disturbances to hydrophobic–electrostatic balance that is necessary to maintain the protein structure (Wyn Jones & Pollard, 1983 in Jenks dan Hasegawa,2005). Besides that high consentration of salt   impose hyperosmotic shock by lowering the water potential causing turgor reduction or loss that restricts cell expansion (Munns & Termaat,1986; Hasegawa et al.,2000; Zhu,2002 in Jenks dan Hasegawa,2005).  Putri et al (2009) also says that impact of lowering influence growt aspect such as height growing of stem, width leave, and close-open stomata.
             Second of all impact is low-high O2 preasure stress.  Cause of high O2 preasure stress  is closed stomata. A closing stomata  have aim. It is in order to decrease water loses rate in internal body plant when crop in water defisit situation. The other impact is impede  CO2 difusion and also decrease the number of total leave and width leave. Decrease total and width leave happend because of small amount fotosintat that produce.  It cause transformation metabolic of crop from fotosinteis to fotorespiration. Whereas defisit O2 can impede absorbtion mineral and organic matter. Cause of  minimal number of absorbtion is microorganism in the soil cannot serve mineral and organic matter for crop.
         Besides that, High concentration of salt in body plant can cause toxicity stress. Hetharie (2008) says that Na+ and Cl-  can destroy or damage DNA dan protein.  High consentration (50 nM and 100 mM) cause vacuole of crop sel full with  Na+ dan Cl- , So that activity meatbolic in internal body crop was unsuccesfull. High consentration also influence nitrogen asimilation especially in Legum crop like Lamtoro. The last, high consentration of salt cause Kalium absorb rate  decrease because impede by high consentration of Na+ when plant have salinity stress, as the statement of Nimbalkar and  Joshi in  Mapegeo (2006). The impact is the number of fotosintat that need to translocation decrease dramatically.

4. Conclusion
        High consentration of salt only have negative impact for Lamtoro crop (Leucaena leucochepala)  because lamtoro really sensitive with abiotic stress. The negative impact (low-high Oxygen presure stress, osmotic stress, and toxicity stress) are decrease total leave, width leave and dry matter of crop. Directly it will decrease production and productivity of  Lamtoro crop.

5.Source
F. Kusmiyati, E.D. Purbajanti dan B.A. Kristanto.2009.Karakter Fisiologis, Pertumbuhan dan
           Produksi Legum Pakan Pada Kondisi Salin(Physiology, Growth and Production of
           Leguminoceae for Feed on Saline Condition).Seminar Nasional Kebangkitan Peternakan – Semarang, 20 Mei 2009 hal 302-309.Fakultas Peternakan, Universitas Diponegoro.
Jenks M. A. dan Hasegawa P. M..2005.Plant Abiotic Stress.United kingdom : Blackwell Publishing
           Ltd.
Mapegao. 2006. Pengaruh Salinitas Tanah terhadap Hasil dan Distribusi Bahan Kering pada Tanaman
           Jagung Kultivar Arjuna Selama Fase Pengisian Biji. Jurnal Agrivogor.6 (1): 9-17
Putri, R.S.J., dkk. 2009. Uji Ketahanan Tanaman Tebu Hasil Persilangan (Sacharum spp. Hybrid)
          pada Kondisi Lingkungan Cekaman Garam (NaCl). FMIPA.ITS Surabaya.
Ratna Yuniati.2004.Penapisan Galur Kedelai Glycine max (L.) Merrill Toleran Terhadap NaCl Untuk
         Penanaman Di Lahan Salin.Jurnal Makara Sains Vol 8 (1) hal 21-24.
Hetharie, H. 2008. Pengujian Toleransi Terhadap Cekaman Salinitas Beberapa Genotip Lokal Kacang
         Hijau. Jurnal Budidaya Pertanian. 4: 132-139.

The First Assignment of English

Dialogue Script
4th  Team that include Rahmat Budiarto as MC or Master of Ceremony (MC)
            Dhea Prasetyo as Mariah Carey (MarC)
            Sunanto as Prof. Nanto de Nanto (NdN)
            Fajri Wildana as  Justien Bieber (JB)
March 26th 2012, 15:50 pm
After  I wake up, i decide to go to living room. I want to watch my favorite progam television. I always see it whereever and whenever i do.  My favorite progam television is “Black and White”. Black and White is one of talkshow progam televition that i like very much.

MC    :    Assalamualaikum Wr. Wb
               Good Morning Ladies and Gentlemen
               The weather seems nice today, so I hope you are in a great condition
               I really happy I can meet all of you again in a greatfull progam televisison “Black and      
               White”
               Ok Ladies & Gentleman
               The topic that we ‘ll talking today is Damage Forest
               To day I have 3 guest star that really famous, I believe all of you will fanatic with him and
                her. The firts, Let’s welcome Mr Justien Bieber
                Please come to us,,,,,give applause for him.......
JB    :      Good morning every body
MC    :    Okay, Have a sit,please...!
               What are u’r busy now mr.JB?
JB    :    Just like before, i am singing, dancing, and preparing for my next single, just wait for it . 
             And  I have a big secret, i’m preparing for my first movie.....this is my new challenge.. . . . . .
MC    :    I really to  be anxious to listen u’r next single and to see your movie....
              Okay Ladies & Gentleman
              the second guest star, Let’s welcome Mrs. Mariah Carey
              Please come to us,,,,,give applause for her.......
MarC :  Assalamualaikum wr wb...Good morning all
MC    :  Okay, Sit down ,please...!
              I really surprised with u’r style today.
              You look so feminim moeslem....what kind of think that make u decide to transformation u’
              style?
MarC  :  I feel when I get the successfull, I think I must be better than before.
             So I want to be a feminim moeslem and my family support me to do this.
MC     : Okay I hope you can defend your style coz we like it very much
              Ladies and Gentleman
             the last guest star, with honourable let’s welcome Mr. Prof. Nanto de Nanto from
             Association  of  Agriculture Experts. Please come to us,,,,,give applause for him......
NdN   :  Good Morning everybody
MC    :  Okay, Sit down ,please...!
              Where do you come from Mr. NdN?
NdN  :  I come from Indonesia
MC    :  What is your motivation to join this Association ?
NdN  :  Hemzz....There are some motivation that caused me to join this association but the very
             important motivation is because i love earth and you know that if some one love something,
             she/he surely will keep and save it with the deepest of his/her hearth. So that like me. I love
             earth and I want to keep and save it from all of thing that can disturb earth stability.
MC    :  What is your mission today ?
NdN  :  My mission today is asking at least 1 billion people to keep and save our earth together.  
             Today we easily find our earth crisis like global warming, pure water crisis, fire forest etc.
             That directly influence human life.
MC    : The honourable audience as well as our guest star.
             As we know  today, the number of forest area we have in the world be smaller
             better than before.  Besides that in the fact we know that all activities of human give impact
             for our belove forest. It means that we as human deserve to called destroyer of environment.
             Once again, I would like to show you that the quality of forest we have deeply decreasing.    
MC    :  So, What do you thing about that ?
JB      :  You give me that question, but you know that I am an entertainer, so I don’t know much
             about that. I hear that news everyday, I know it and really I want to do something useful.
MC    :  What about you, Miss. Mariah Carey ?
MarC :  Forest is a important for our life. Without forest, we deficient the oxygen. What will be
             happen if one of oxygen producer in this world is damaged? I can’t  imagine it. Damage
             forest is caused by human activity that would like to explore the forest products excessively.
             They want big profits but they don’t care about other creature who depend on forest. Not
             only human but also animals and the other creature in the forest can be a victim. We
             should think about negative impact that caused by their act.
MC    :  I totally agree with Miss. Mariah Carey. We as human should do the best for our forest.
             Ok what about you Mr. Nanto de Nanto ?
NdN   :  I think is not good hear. We know that the forest has an important function in the earth.
             Without forest, the earth become warm and we cannot do respiration. Otomatically we will
             die. Beside that, the forest has a function as fresh water storage. Now the forest condition is
             so critis, the number of forest area we have be smaller better that last year  and the quality of
             forest we have decrease drastically.It means that we have to do something to save it. I think
             majority living componenes that cause damage forest in this time is human activity like
             illegal logging, huma, forest fire, massive mining. I mentioned before is that something that
            cause disadvantages for human life and nature.
MC    : Okay,  In your deeply mind, what should we do to protect and recovery our forest ?
            What will  you do to recovery our forest condition we have today ? May be your feedback is
            usefull.
NdN   : Emzzzz...in my opinion we have to do reboization for our forest. Besides that we have to do
             somethink like agroforestry concept. Agroforestry is one of friendly-environment concep
             that combined wood and horticulture to increase the productivity of this field. Agroforestry
             have been implemented in some region in jember like in Desa Silo.
JB      :  Maybe I can help you all to do that by my way. I will deliver the environmental value from
             my songs, from my creations, i will do my best for it.
MarC  : That’s right.
             We should raise forest awareness and everything in it. We should not cut  down the forest
             indiscriminate and save the forest with explore forest well. Save the forest can save our
             earth  too from global warming. I also can preserve the forest. In addition we can work
             together with goverment to be more concerned with our forest and educating the public
             about the importance of forest for our future.
MC    :  In short way, Ladies and Gentleman
              Our forest today need to  recovery and protect .
              Many negatif impact we will get if we only stay in our believe today and don’t care
              everything deals with our forest. Don’t forget, please keep in our mind that we have to do
              the best to recovery and protect our forest for today, tommorow, and our granchild living
              next time. Once Again
              “Environment is not only for our living , But also for the next living of our Filial “
                                                                     So Protect it.
MC    :   Okay i think time is over
              We will meet you again next week in the same time.
              Bye bye

Aspek Terminologi Agroekologi

1.    Mengapa Agroekologi penting dipelajari di Fakultas Pertanian ?

Karena Agroekologi merupakan solusi dari masalah yang dihadapi pertanian saat ini, yang sudah sewajarnya menjadi beban moril atau tanggung jawab para akademisi di bidang pertanian termasuk mahasiswa Fakultas Pertanian yang nantinya akan menjadi generasi pembangun bidang pertanian. Masalah yang menghadang dunia pertanian saat ini adalah tingkat produksi dengan laju peningkatan yang kecil namun berimbas pada pengrusakan agroekosistem yang begitu besar. Contoh kecil diantaranya adalah kasus degradasi kuantitas bahan organik di kawasan Jember Selatan.

Dengan belajar atau mendalami Agroekologi, para mahasiswa Fakultas Pertanian akan mulai menyadari betapa pentingnya menjga agroekosistem suatu wilayah dengan tetap berorientasi pada produktifitas. Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh 4 sifat inti yang diajarkan dalam Agroekologi yaitu produktifitas, stabilitas, keberlanjutan dan keseimbangan. Sifat produktivitas  dapat dijadikan tolak ukur penentuan ukuran optimal suatu agroekosistem yang disesuaikan dengan daya dukung agroekosistem wilayah tersebut, sehingga dapat dihindari tindakan pengeksploitasian agroekosistem jauh diluar batas optimal. Sehingga akan terwujud suatu kestabilan berproduksi secara konstan dari waktu ke waktu. Kestabilan berproduksi secara terus menerus tanpa menurunkan daya dukung agroekosistem merupak aplikasi sifat ke 3 yaitu Keberlanjutan. Keseluruhan aktifitas tersebut harus selalu memperhatikan keseimbangan antara  kebutuhan lingkungan, ekonomi dan sosial-budaya.

 Harapannya dengan pembelajaran 4 elemen sifat agroekologi itu mahasiswa dapat lebih bijak menjalankan usaha taninya ataupn ketika mereka menghadapi suatu problematika dalam usaha taninya. Jika semua mahasiswa Fakultas Pertanian yang menjadi tulang punggung roda pertanian bangsa ini sudah sadar akan keseluruhan konsep Agroekologi maka dapat dijamin pertanian bangsa ini akan berangsur angsur membaik, baik secara ekonomi maupun lingkungannya.

2.    Apa hubungan antara Agroekologi dengan Pertanian berkelanjutan ?

Agroekologi adalah dasar untuk menuju Pertanian Berkelanjutan. Pertanian Berkelanjutan adalah pertanian dengan basis lingkungan artinya keberlangsungan pertanian tetap ada, tetap berproduksi dan bermanfaat bagi semua namun tidak menimbulkan bencana bagi lingkungan dan mahluk hidup lainnya. Untuk mencapai model pertanian seperti itu harus diberangkatkan dari pemahaman akan pentingnya mempertahankan fungsi ekologis dari agroekosistem dengan tidak mengenyampingkan terlalu jauh aspek profit. Dengan adanya agroekologi, pemahaman pengelolaan usaha pertanian yang ditanamkan adalah pertanian yang berbasis produktifitas, stabilitas, keberlanjutan, dan keseimbangan. Ke 4 sifat tersebut merupakan kunci dari terwujudnya pertanian berkelanjutan.  Penekanannya pada sifat keberlanjutan dan stabilitas yang berarti kontiunitas berproduksi dengan tetap menyelamatkan ekosistem lingkungan pertanian.

Konsep dasar Agroekologi adalah penerapan prinsip prinsip ekologis dalam hal produksi pertanian dan pengelolaan agroekosistem. Agroekologi merupakan titik tolak untuk mulai menyadarkan masyarakat  dunia  bahwasanya model pertanian yang marak saat ini hanya berorientasi profit dan mengenyampingkan lingkungan sehingga tidak akan mungkin tercapai Pertanian Berkelanjutan. Buktinya banyak ditemukan penurunan kualitas ekosistem lingkungan pertanian. Oleh karena itulah agroekologi hadir sebagai disiplin ilmu yang mampu mengelola agroekosistem sekaligus meningkatkan produktifitas.

Fakta bahwasanya agroekologi adalah dasar menuju pertaian berkelanjutan adaapt diambil dari  laporan Olivier de Schutter,  Reporter Khusus PBB tentang Hak untuk Pangan yang menunjukkan bahwa agroekologi atau eco-farming (pertanian ekologis) telah dapat melipatgandakan berbagai jenis produksi makanan di seluruh daerah dalam waktu 10 tahun. Eco-farming ini juga bisa menjadi mitigasi perubahan iklim dan mengurangi kemiskinan di pedesaan. Laporan agroekologi dan hak atas pangan De Schutter's tersebut telah dipresentasikan kepada Dewan HAM PBB pada 8 Maret 2011 dengan menggambarkan  literatur ilmiah terbaru untuk mendukung kesimpulannya: "bukti ilmiah menunjukkan bahwa metode agroekologi mengungguli penggunaan pupuk kimia dalam mendorong produksi pangan dimana ada kelaparan utamanya di lingkungan yang kurang baik".

Bukti lainya adalah peningkatan lahan sebesar 214% dalam 44 proyek di 20 negara di sub-Sahara Afrika yang menggunakan teknik pertanian agro-ekologi selama 3 sampai 10 tahun. Peningkatan ini dinilai jauh lebih banyak daripada peningkatan yang ditimbulkan dengan diterapkannya tanaman rekayasa genetik (transgenik) yang pernah dilakukan. Hasil kajian ilmiah terbaru menunjukkan bahwa petani-petani kecil di 57 negara yang menggunakan teknik agroekologi memperoleh peningkatan produksirata-rata 80 persen. Di Afrika rata-rata meningkat 116 %. Jadi dengan diterapkannya Agroekologi, perlahan namun pasti Pertanian Berkelanjutan akan terwujud.

3.    Apa hubungan antara Agroekologi dengan Agrolandscape (Pertamanan) ?

Agroekologi merupakan pedoman dalam menjalankan Agrolandscape (Pertamanan). Agrolandscape (Pertamanan) adalah salah satu kegiatan pengelolaan agroekosistem karena pertamanan termasuk kegiatan berskala ruang yang didalamnya terjadi interaksi fungsional  antara komponen abiotik dengan komponen biotik namun tetap lebih menekankan pada segi keindahan (estetika). Pengelolaan agroekosistem adalah salah satu cakupan dari agroekologi yang selalu menerapkan disiplin prinsip ekologis. Jadi dalam setiap perencanaan pertamanan haruslah mengindahkan pertimbangan-pertimbangan agroekologis dengan tambahan muatan estetika atau keindahan seoptimal mungkin.

Pertamanan sebagai  salah satu agroekosistem harus diupayakan dikelola dengan sadar, terencana dan bijaksana sesuai dengan konsep 4 sifat Agroekologi yaitu produktifitas, stabilitas, keberlanjutan dan keseimbangan. Hal ini sesuai dengan ketentuan umum Pasal 1 Undang-Undang RI nomor 3 tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hudup. Oleh karena itulah  terdapat hubungan nyata antara pertamanan dan agroekologi.